Touki Bouki Film Analysis Essay Example

Touki Bouki Film Analysis Essay Touki Bouki (1973) The ringing of conflicting metal rehashes musically. A youngster is strutted down a provincial road, executed on the rear of a truck. Two townspeople set up a calf for penance. One man limits the battling creature as different cuts its neck roughly. A young lady stands tall, her back against the sun. With eyes sad, she takes off her shirt, uncovered. The blade cuts further into its neck. Distinctive red blood sprays over the conciliatory plate. A slight smile plays all over as she stoops down. Gradually, she brings down her body†¦ Djibril Mambety’s 1973 film Touki Bouki appears to be basic enough initially; two vivacious, defiant youthful sweethearts, resolved to take the necessary steps to escape their neglected town and live their fantasies in the enormous city over the sea. The plot is absolutely not the most unordinary, however consistent with the foundations of oral custom, it is the distinctive sights and sounds evoked by powerful narrating that recognize Touki Bouki as perhaps the best case of African film. Through the high imagery implanted in the cross-cutting, just as the area explicit mise-en-scene, Mambety uses the solid visuals of Touki Bouki to produce an air of particularly African nature and old stories. Cross-cutting, or equal altering, is one of the repetitive strategies which Mambety utilizes in his movies to compare two unmistakable articles to make a solitary inciting symbolism. In the previously mentioned scene from Touki Bouki, Mory is first observed attached to the rear of a truck, his dairy animals skull keepsake against his chest. We will compose a custom paper test on Touki Bouki Film Analysis explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on Touki Bouki Film Analysis explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on Touki Bouki Film Analysis explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer This shot is promptly trailed by a dose of two men playing out a creature penance. The cross-slicing quickly makes preparations to relate the calf to Mory, and is additionally set by the manner by which Mory is attached to the truck, particularly in the style of a torturous killing. As a further foundation of this connection, the accompanying shot shows Anta taking off her garments, a glimmer forward of a later scene wherein she engages in sexual relations with Mory on a bluff. Notwithstanding, in this example, the shot is indicated directly after an injection of the calf having its throat cut. Anta’s eyes are discouraged, focused on an off-screen object. In spite of the fact that the crowd would later understand that she is looking down at Mory, the to and fro shots among her and the calf held to the ground causes her to seem, by all accounts, to be grinning at the relinquished calf. This juxtaposition normally brings out the African language of the film through the exhibition of an African custom penance, yet with the incorporation of Mory, as a ruined, enduring resident, it not just shows the conventional parts of African culture, yet in addition sets a suggestion of the issues with present day African culture. Other than cross-cutting, the mise-en-scene of Touki Bouki is another unmistakable part of the film which gives a solid feeling of the African character. Following the arrangement of juxtapositions of Mory, the calf, and Anta, the progress into the following scene is encouraged by an injection of the now dead calf, being cleaned and cleaned by Anta’s auntie. In one particularly inciting scene, Anta is seen fleeing from her crazed, chortling auntie, while the remains of the calf influences in the forefront. The land around them, similar to every other piece of the occupied regions, is dusty and practically desolate, put something aside for a couple of dry, twig-like plants. The day to day environments of the town are still extensively crude, unmistakable differences to the extreme way of life of wealthy individuals like Mory’s feminine colleague, ‘Charlie’. Other than the desolate grounds, another repetitive area is the sea. All through the film, there are many embedded shots of waves running into rock, on occasion disturbing the progression of the scene. The importance of the sea can be found in the scene following Anta’s running from her auntie; as the state of mind of the film heightens, the waves begin to run all the more vigorously into the stones. All through the entire movie, Mory and Anta are on a journey to escape from Dakar, continually heading towards the course of the ocean. The consistent nearness of the sea fortifies Mory and Anta’s steady diligence to arrive at the land past the sea. With the dry treat lands, towns, bluffs and slamming waves, just as vehicles, structures, and Charlie’s chic single guy cushion, the mis-en-scene makes the film recognizably African, and like the cross-cutting, sets up the difference between post-pioneer Africa’s rich and poor. Djibril Mambety once said that he â€Å"[felt] that a movie producer must go past the account of facts†¦one scans for an African film language that would avoid prattling and center more around how to utilize visuals and sounds. † Evidently, these notions were all around communicated through his narrating of Touki Bouki. With the utilization of irregular audio cues and distinctive, realistic visuals, Mambety, in model customary African style, passed on the pressure between Africa’s past and future with music and shading. As found in his utilization of cross-cutting and mis-en-scene, with the nearness of inciting symbolism, exchange need not drive a persuading film. With the utilization of sight and sounds, Mambety’s Touki Bouki has its own interestingly African voice which rings stronger than the most intense of Aunt Oumy’s chortles. Works Cited Touki Bouki. Dir. Djibril Diop Mambety. Perf. Magaye Niang, Mareme Niang, Aminata Fall. Cinegrit, Studio Kankourama, 1973. Youtube. Web. 05 Mar. 2011. lt;http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=b1IZvmjveT0gt;.

Characteristics of Perchlorate

Attributes of Perchlorate Wellsprings of Perchlorate is a substance that happens normally, in spite of the fact that it should be man-made. Furthermore, perchlorate can likewise be found in certain composts and in dye. It has discovered wide application in the production of firecrackers, flares, rocket fuel, and explosives1. A large number of the locales where perchlorate can be discovered happening normally are, all around, restricted to the dry regions. Such stores are to a great extent low concentration.Advertising We will compose a custom research paper test on Characteristics of Perchlorate explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More On the other hand, man-made wellsprings of perchlorate are basically profoundly amassed in examination with the regular sources. Locales with elevated levels of perchlorate pollution are for the most part engaged with the creation, testing, and removal of perchlorate mixes and strong rocket forces. Others incorporate mechanical creation locales that utilization pe rchlorate mixes as reagents2. EPA reaction for directing and remediation The Safe Drinking Water Act gives the EPA the command to manage perchlorate. Companion audit reports by different general wellbeing specialists and autonomous researchers also have assumed a key job in affecting the choice y the EPA to force a guideline on perchlorate. The new choice by the EPA would be an inversion of the 2008 fundamental determination3. It considers the more than 39,000 remarks from individuals from general society in regards to various open notification on perchlorate3. This activity is an endeavor to make mindfulness among invested individuals on the choice came to by the EPA on managing perchlorate. Regardless, the activity doesn't in any capacity attempt to force any open water frameworks (PWS) requirements4. Then again, this activity has laid the structure for the planning and the improvement of an essential drinking water guideline at the national level (NPDWR). Following the finish of the NPDWR, various PWSs could be compelled to put forth an attempt to keep the necessities in accordance with the program required by the regulation5. What's more, the EPA additionally means to make a drinking water standard that will deal with around 16 harmful synthetic substances that have been noted to represent a threat top human wellbeing. The point of the EPA is to keep surveying the wellbeing impacts of perchlorate, alongside the science behind their event openly water frameworks. Also, the EPA means to set out on a venture planned for inspecting the moderateness and possibility of treatment advancements planned for expelling perchlorate. The office will likewise evaluate the advantages and expenses of potential guidelines. Hazard potential Sufficient dosages of perchlorate can meddle with the typical activities of the thyroid organ. Perchlorate disturbs the transportation of iodide into the thyroid organ, as a result lessening iodide accessibility that is fundamental for th e assembling of thyroid hormones. These hormones are fundamental for typical development, digestion and development.Advertising Looking for inquire about paper on science? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Pregnant ladies are particularly at a more serious danger of thyroid hormone combination disruption2. Others incorporate the creating embryos, recently conceived babies, little youngsters, and furthermore individual with low thyroid hormones levels (Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection). Based on such a potential concern, the EPA has regarded it important to propose a conventional guideline. The procedure will involve the gathering of criticism from significant partners notwithstanding the arrangement of any proper principle to individuals from the open by means of a remark procedure 3. Note that presentation to adequate dosages of perchlorate may bring about unfriendly wellbeing impacts like those realized by iodine insufficiency among people. When there isn't sufficient admission of iodine in the eating regimen, the person being referred to experiences a decrease in the union and emission of thyroid hormone. In light of the seriousness of such an iodine lack, the person being referred to can show such impacts as debilitation in conduct, discourse, vision, development, physical turn of events, hearing, and intelligence4. Researchers additionally fight that adequate dosages of perchlorate can meddle with the capacity of the thyroid organ to incorporate hormones indispensable for the advancement of both babies and infants1. Checking information uncovers that more than 4 percent of open water frameworks contain perceivable degrees of perchlorate. What's more, similar information shows that somewhere in the range of 5 and 17 million people are in danger of drinking water containing adequate degrees of perchlorate. Gauges set by states, for example, California and Massachusetts In Massachu setts, the MassDEP is charging a drinking water standard. The new standard will guarantee that the greatest contaminant level of perchlorate in drinking water doesn't surpass 2 ppb3. Appreciate that the new declaration will be the first veer drinking water measures in the nation for perchlorate. Besides, the Massachusetts Contingency Plan is likewise during the time spent setting up perchlorate groundwater and soil principles to encourage the tidying up exercise of unsafe waste destinations. Likewise, MassDEP plans to embrace a reference portion to encourage hazard appraisal at explicit destinations. The province of California additionally manages perchlorate as a contaminant in drinking water1. For this situation, 6 micrograms for each liter is the suggested greatest contaminant level of perchlorate in the province of California.Advertising We will compose a custom research paper test on Characteristics of Perchlorate explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Reference s 1. California Department of Toxic Substances Control, â€Å"Perchlorate â€Å", Last adjusted September 1, 2007, dtsc.ca.gov/hazardouswaste/perchlorate/2. Isa, Jalil, â€Å"EPA To Develop Regulation for Perchlorate and Toxic Chemicals in Drinking Water.† Environmental Protection Agency, Last changed February 02, 2011, http://yosemite.epa.gov/opa/admpress.nsf/d0cf6618525a9efb85257359003fb69d/634884579f4cc5d8525782b004d81ae!Open 3. Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection. â€Å" Frequently Asked Questions: Perchlorate†. n.d, mass.gov/dep/toxics/pchlorqa.htm 4. Trumpolt, Clayton et al. â€Å"Perchlorate: Sources, Uses, and Occurrences in the Environment.†Wiley Periodicals, Last altered December 20, 2005, http://yosemite.epa.gov/r10/CLEANUP.NSF/PH/Arkema+Technical+Documents/$FILE/Perchlorate-Sources-Occurance-In-The-Environment.pdf 5. US Environmental Protection Agency. â€Å"Perchlorate†. Last adjusted March 06, 2012, http://water.epa.gov/dr ink/contaminants/unregulated/perchlorate.cfm Bibliography California Department of Toxic Substances Control. â€Å"Perchlorate. â€Å" California Department of Toxic Substances Control. Last altered September 1, 2007. dtsc.ca.gov/hazardouswaste/perchlorate/Isa, Jalil. â€Å"EPA To Develop Regulation for Perchlorate and Toxic Chemicals in Drinking Water.† Environmental Protection Agency. Last changed February 02, 2011. http://yosemite.epa.gov/opa/admpress.nsf/d0cf6618525a9efb85257359003fb69d/634884579f4cc5d8525782b004d81ae!OpenAdvertising Searching for inquire about paper on science? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection. â€Å"Frequently Asked Questions: Perchlorate†. Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection. Last changed June12, 2006. mass.gov/dep/toxics/pchlorqa.htm Trumpolt, Clayton et al. â€Å"Perchlorate: Sources, Uses, and Occurrences in the Environment.†Wiley Periodicals. Last changed December 20, 2005. http://yosemite.epa.gov/r10/CLEANUP.NSF/PH/Arkema+Technical+Documents/$FILE/Perchlorate-Sources-Occurance-In-The-Environment.pdf United States Environmental Protection Agency. â€Å"Perchlorate.† United States Environmental Protection Agency. Last altered March06, 2012. http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/unregulated/perchlorate.cfm

The hip-hop subculture free essay sample

The hip bounce subculture Is a lifestyle fastened to and advanced by the broad act of rap music. It begins from the African American people group. It Is communicated through ostentatious methods of dressing, spray painting works of art, break moving, and slang. Be that as it may, with the progression of time, the way of life has crossed racial and social lines and has gotten one of the most rehearsed classifications of music all through the world, with a similarly overwhelming society to match.Due to its African American roots, the hip bounce culture was, for an extensive stretch, a serve of the dark network. Rap music is to a great extent expressive; its verses emotive and sourced from the encounters of its craftsmen. Because of its urban birthplaces, an enormous number of rap records and spray painting work of art highlighted the prevalent subjects of savagery, police ruthlessness, and group alliance. A portion of the verses celebrated hooligan life, which attracted all the more contrarily to the subculture. We will compose a custom paper test on The hip-bounce subculture or on the other hand any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page In that capacity, the subculture was seen by a useless eye by individuals from the white network, a feeling that was powered by greater part of rap lyrics.However, because of the ubiquity and centralization of rap, these specialists got ere fruitful and changed into encouraging signs among the young. Rap was utilized as a stage to talk about social issues and lectured endurance over the most exceedingly terrible of difficulties as plugged by the pioneers of the class. It gradually turned out to be generally acknowledged by all and permeated past social obstructions. The subculture gradually turned into a culture of abundance, portrayed by costly attire, conspicuous vehicles, delightful ladies, enormous chateaus and ceaseless gatherings, named the quick life.Most contend that the accentuation on realism has weakened the subcultures content, however the responsive of inspecting and flipping keep on encapsulating the first worth arrangement of the way of life. Principle draft. Articulations, convictions, esteem framework and a lifestyle for a significant number of its devotees. Likewise composed as hip-jump, various components recognize the way of life, the centers of which are rap music, plate Jockeying or turntables, break moving, and spray painting fine art. The way of life has broadened from these centers, offering ascend to new types of articulation that thus have made a solid establishment for hip jump supporters worldwide.The adjustment of the various parts of hip bounce by various networks has furnished he subculture with a feeling of strength and consistency matched by just the best of societies. The begetting of the term hip jump is credited to a heap of the class pioneers. The most punctual appearance and utilization of the term is followed to the year 1978 and the band Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five. (Hager, Steven, 18). A musician, Keith Wiggins, utilized the term to portray the beat with which fighters coordinated, to prod his recently enrolled friend.The band continued to utilize a comparable rhythm in their exhibitions, and drew Jeers from other disco specialists with whom they performed. The term hip-containers was created as a slur against disco rap, yet was later on to turn into the foundation of its personality. The term was additionally advanced by The Sugarbird Gang 1979 arrival of Rappers Delight whose verses included the words hip and jump. DC Lovable Stasiss arrival of the positive life in 1981 advanced the term among South Bronx inhabitants. (Hager, Steven, 21).As such, he is generally accepted to be the first maker of the term as it identifies with the way of life. The terms most punctual appearance in print happened in the nitty gritty history of this culture, named Village Voice and composed by Steven Hager. The book includes an inside and out profile of one more hip-bounce pioneer, Africa Bumboat, who attributes the coinage of the term to Lovable Stark. (_Zulu Nation: History of Hip-Hop. _ Hebraic. Coelenterates. Com. Recovered The development started in the sasss period among the urban settlements Of South Bronx.Due to its rebellious nature, the way of life stayed in the shadows and was just worked on during local gatherings. Dedicated the dad of hip bounce, Clive Campbell otherwise known as DC Cool Here was among the first of numerous to give his condo as a stage. Light, Alan, De. 54). Progressively the music spread all through his whole neighborhood. The Jamaican-conceived DC contributed to a great extent to the class advancement by joining its mark unconstrained toasting, discourse and self-important verse, pervasive in various Jamaican kinds. (Light, Alan, De. 58). The style was named emceeing. It characterizes the cadenced conveyance of verses through verbally expressed word, over music or beats or liberated from backups. The rapper Melee Mel, of the Furious Five, was simply the first to call a MS begetting and advancing the term that is being used to date. Cool Here is credited with the creation of breaking beats, the act of breaking, detaching and rehashing funk melodies. The cheery consistent cadence was intended to keep the hordes of local gathering lovers moving throughout the night. The gatherings developed in size, and the style got across the board and was adjusted by various Des.New methods of breakfast, for example, cutting and scratching rose, and acclaimed Des Jazzy Jay, and the beat. A type of moving, known as breaking, went with these exhibitions. The way of life before long turned into the principle type of articulation among urban road packs. They thought of imaginative varieties as a methods for rivalry and as a rule to expose an opponent group, rather than taking the standard brutal course. Africa Bumboat detected the degrees of imagination among the pack individuals and established Zulu Nation, an assortment of capable spray painting specialists, rap lyricists, and road move crews.The bunches prominence and its ensuing beneficial outcome on posse exercises before long drew the consideration of Billboard Magazine, whose article referenced Africa and Cool Here as persuasive figures. In 1982, Africa further portrayed the way of life by making electro-funk, which formed an electric sound out of the energetic rhythm of the class. (_Zulu Nation: History of Hip-Hop. _ Hebraic. Coelenterates. Com. Recovered The class likewise grasped the utilization of human body parts to make hints of music, named human beat-boxing and promoted by Doug E. New and Fat Boys Buff.Hip jump before long turned into a stage for the marginalia urban networks to offer social expressions. Dominant part of the expressive substance highlighted the facts of life in the undertakings. The young utilized hip bounce to take an interest in the social equality development while insulting its impediments. The rappers grasped life in the hood and the savagery, demonstrations of wrongdoing, pack affiliations and neediness that accompanied it. These perspectives were advertised, drawing negative undertones from the traditionalists. (Light, Alan, De. 84). Dedicated Gangs rap, the component developed progressively rewarding and as such it pulled in a bigger following.Gangster records, for example, Ice Its sixth in the first part of the day, N. W. As Inning forever and Ice Cubes Merrymakers Most Wanted broke record deals around the nation. The deals were demonstrative of the way that hip bounce was obviously no outrage a ration of dark adolescents. The situation of the adolescent from the undertakings and dark social equality activists was spreading all through the nation. The concentrate before long moved from socio-political concerns communicated in the verses. It rather centered around the medications, threatening vibe among groups and sexism to interest a bigger crowd. Light, Alan, De. A few societies have received the hip-jump subculture all through the world. The sound enhances as per the district that receives it and is characterized and communicated from numerous points of view by the individuals that remain alive inside it. It has gotten one of the capture impacts over the exercises, dress and language of the adolescent around the world. (McLeod, Chamber 144). Its sounds have been generally fused and combined with a few types of music, along these lines, yielding hordes of new styles of music and adding to its effectively monstrous fan base.Wherever the hip jump culture flourishes, its socio-political and dynamic motivation stays flawless. Verses, move, and spray painting are regularly used to table issues influencing different networks and to facilitate mutual development and improvement. Accentuation on the legitimacy of rap verses has made the subculture restricted instead of an imported product. McLeod, Chamber 147). The majority of its standard specialists and unique supporters contend that the centralization of the class has been generally inescapable and enlightening. (Isobar, Jeffrey O. G. , 187).The degree of pay created by the specialists step by step diminished the arrangement of the way of life by government officials and agents. In an offer to pull in, a more extensive crowd, the socio-political cognizant messages imbued in the way of life were sidelined to extol the most widely recognized of the parts of the verses. Maltreatment of medications, sexism, viciousness, and group connection, were celebrated to draw in the white lager. (Isobar, Jeffrey O. G. , 188). The verses lost their edge and their core; the message has lost its genuineness and is no longer attached to a feeling of community.The riches picked up by the rappers turned into the stamp of the class, its quickly developing though flashy industry. (Isobar, Jeffrey O. G. , 188). Riches and impact have become boss subjects of most record-breaking records. A lion's share of up and coming specialists center around realism and a group of the pioneers have needed to update their specialty so as to stay significant. Standard craftsmen keep on denouncing the cash situated message of the cutting edge hip jump culture with specialists, for example, Nas pronouncing that Hip bounce is dead.Misogyny, then again, has totally subverted the endeavors of skilled female Masc. into the business. Female rappers obtain less open doors than their male partners. Missy Elliot, Queen Latish, and Ms Late are the couple of significant females that have broken this boundary. Sick Kim was the main female whose collection has gone platinum, a record that has until as of late b

Wasted Lives and the No Name Woman - Literature Essay Samples

Hidden within â€Å"No Name Woman† are many underlying symbols and motifs, or reoccurring patterns, that work to shape the story into what it is and to help craft not only the characters’ personalities but also the overarching plot of the story. One motif that seems to be prevalent throughout the story is the reoccurrence of the idea of waste: waste of livestock, human life, and even waste of birth. This symbol of waste seems to exaggerate the theme of shame which influences every decision made in the story and not only shapes the No Name Woman but also shapes the narrator’s personal life. Throughout â€Å"No Name Woman†, the idea of something being â€Å"wasted† surfaces repeatedly. â€Å"On the night the baby was to be born, the villagers raided our house,† says Kingston’s mother. â€Å"The villagers broke in the front and the back door†¦ their knives dripped with blood of our animals.† (Kingston 569). Not only did the villagers slaughter the livestock, but they also destroyed many perishable goods and household objects, such as bowls, pots, rice, fruits, and vegetables. â€Å"They ripped up her clothes and shoes and broke her combs†¦Ã¢â‚¬  as well as overturning â€Å"great waist-high earthenware jugs; duck eggs, pickled fruits, and vegetables† (Kingston 569). The villagers ransacked the house and everything inside of it. They did not come into the house with the intent to loot or steal goods, but purely to destroy everything that the No Name Woman and her family owned. They spared no goods while destroying anyth ing and everything in the house, purely to shame the No Name Woman because she was pregnant with a baby whose father was not the No Name Woman’s husband. How the No Name Woman got pregnant is left a mystery. At the time, in 1924, her husband was in America; she became impregnated by a man other than her husband, whose identity is left undisclosed. She was either raped or had an affair, neither of which are directly confirmed in the story, but one of which can be interpreted through certain context clues hidden within the text. Kingston’s mother is telling her this story as a cautionary tale; a tale meant to persuade Kingston to conform to her parents’ values. It is meant to discourage young Kingston from engaging in premarital sex and, in the future, sex outside of wedlock. Kingston’s mother tells her this tale because, hopefully, the fear of humiliation, ostracism, and death will serve adequately as warnings against the consequences of sexual promiscuity. Because Kingston’s mother is telling her this story to persuade her to act in a manner congruent to her parents’ principles, it can be concluded t hat the No Name Woman became pregnant by committing adultery. The main appearance of this ubiquitous motif of waste deals with the waste of the No Name Woman and her daughter’s lives when she commits suicide in response to feeling shameful about the actions and choices she made. The No Name Woman both kills herself and takes her child along with her when she jumps into the well. â€Å"She had taken her child with her into the wastes† (Kingston 576). Her life and her child’s life were both completely wasted because of the decisions that the No Name Woman made. This is the chief manifestation of waste in this short story. Two lives were wasted due to shame, one of them with no chance to choose for himself or herself. One very important question is raised in the No Name Woman’s decision to bring her baby down the well with her: â€Å"Carrying the baby to the well shows loving.† (Kingston 576) But does deciding for another human being that death is the best choice for it in fact show loving? The baby didn’t have a choice, the mother decided for it. â€Å"Mothers who love their children take them along,† (Kingston 576) argues the narrator, but is this in fact a moral absolute? A mother who deliberately commits the act of filicide cannot be sane; deciding the life or death of another human being without that human being having the ability to understand what it wants is iniquitous. In theory, the idea of a filicide-suicide, such as that committed by the No Name Woman, sounds like an act of dramatic tragedy. Yet when one truly processes that what the mother is doing is against the child’s will, one sees that it is far from romantic: it is reprehensible, at least outsi de of the No Name Womans culture.

An Analysis of Asthma Among Black Americans Using the PRECEDE-PROCEED Model - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2347 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/08/08 Category Health Essay Level High school Tags: Asthma Essay Did you like this example? Abstract This paper explores the relationship between asthma and Black Americans through the PRECEDE-PROCEED model of health. The paper first explores the prominent diseases within the black population and then explains the significance of asthma in terms of symptomology, risk factors pertaining to the population, as well as comorbidity between asthma and other diseases prominent in the black population. Behavioral and environmental factors are explored followed by an analysis of available resources and policies. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "An Analysis of Asthma Among Black Americans Using the PRECEDE-PROCEED Model" essay for you Create order Finally, a dual intervention is proposed; the intervention would target parents and children to educate them about asthma as well as the importance of social support for children. Among the diseases prevalent among the black population, such as diabetes, hypertension, and obesity; Black Americans have some of the highest asthma rates in the country (CDC, 2018). Asthma is a chronic respiratory disease which often begins in childhood, can be triggered by environmental irritants and is worsened by certain health behaviors (CDC, 2016). A lack of health education regarding asthma may result in missed school days, increased risk of emergency room visits and errors in emotional/physical perception (Ashley, Freemer, Garbe, Rowson, 2017; Shields, Comstock, Weiss, 2004; CDC, 2012). Although many health organizations have created plans to improve asthma statistics, Black Americans are still over twice as likely to develop asthma than White Americans (CDC, 2018); therefore, improvement in health interventions for Black Americans is necessary. Using the PRECEDE-PROCEED model, data will be used to better identify behavioral and environmental needs, preexisting and enablin g factors, and current and possible resources which may be implemented into a more successful intervention plan. The PRCECEDE-PROCEED model was developed as an all-encompassing planning model, divided between a research/planning phase (PRECEDE) and an action phase (PROCEED) (National Cancer Institute, 2015). The model analyzes behavioral and environmental, internal and external, and predisposing, enabling, and reinforcing factors. The model begins with a social assessment of the communitys perceived needs and is then followed by an epidemiological assessment to prioritize these needs. A behavioral and environmental assessment then researches internal and external factors relating/contributing to the issue. This is followed by an educational and ecological assessment which examines predisposing, enabling, and reinforcing factors. The next step, administrative and policy assessment, begins the second phase of the model and looks at the availability of resources, organizational policies/ regulation that impact the intervention. The final four steps deal with implementation and evaluation of health promotion intervention (National Cancer Institute, 2015, p.41). According to the CDC (2017), Black Americans have higher rates of premature morbidity from all causes than White Americans; morbidity rates escalate the earlier a disease emerges. Certain health disparities, such as heart disease, diabetes, obesity, smoking, HIV/AIDS, and drug overdose; have prominent associations with Black Americans; however, the risk of a Black American developing asthma is over twice as likely compared with a White American (CDC, 2018). Further, other black health disparities, such as obesity and smoking, are strongly associated with asthma risk (CDC, 2016). An epidemiological study from 2001-2010 showed that black childrens rates of asthma grew at almost a 4% yearly rate (Akinbami, Moorman, Simon, Schoendorf, 2014). The study also showed that black children were almost twice as likely to have at least one asthma attack in the past year and over 7 times as likely to die from asthma compared with white children. There are many internal and external factors which contribute to asthma development and aggravation. Internal factors consist of biological predispositions/ resistance to medications, beliefs about asthma severity, symptom detection/alexithymia (not being able identify and describe feelings), stress levels, and emotional/social stability. Black Americans had biological predispositions which showed a decreased response to asthma medications (Gamble, et al. 2010; Akinbami, et al. 2014). Beliefs about asthma, in other words not taking asthma seriously, may contribute to poor symptom detection which may contribute to the development of alexithymia. Stress levels contribute to internal irritation which can lead to asthma development or an asthma attack. Emotional stability relates to stress and may be a result of ones home/school environment. External factors which contribute to asthma were exposure to violence, quality of living/work environment, family/ethnic support, living with a single mother, and living with a smoker. Exposure to violence and living with a single mother were both found to be most relevant to black children (Barile, Edwards, Dhingra, Thompson, 2015). Violence may be found within ones home as well as within ones community. Quality of living/work environments are strongly tied to socioeconomic status both of which are often of poor quality for black individuals. According the United States Census Bureau (2017) Black Americans were the most likely to have only a high school diploma and had the second highest rate of unemployment and poverty. People with lower socioeconomic status (SES) are also more likely to be exposed to toxic living environments such as air/water pollution as well as poor work conditions which are conducive to asthma (Institute of Medicine, 2001). Health-related issues to economic i nstability included stress, sensory impairment, limited educational achievement and adult morbidity/mortality (Knopf et al., 2016). This implies that not only does low economic stability during childhood affect the individual, it may perpetuate the same problem to the next generation. Finally, smoking is a health disparity related to Black Americans (CDC, 2017). Smoking affects air quality and aggravates the lungs of asthmatics, increasing the likelihood of asthma development and attacks (CDC, 2016). Predisposing factors related to asthma were poor asthma knowledge, perception of severity, overall asthma attitude, self-efficacy, and perception of responsibility. A lack of knowledge about asthma can lead to other predisposing factors such as overall attitudes about asthma, severity perception, and possibly self-efficacy (Hopkins Tanne, 2001). Self-efficacy and responsibility perception relate to the performance of maintenance behaviors (Bruzzese, 2012). Enabling factors were available policies/resources which led to a lack of education and influenced asthma perception, transportation, and living/working conditions. Getting access to education may be difficult due to transportation issues and limited resources. Reinforcing factors were family/community support, having a primary doctor, and self-perception. Having social support will aid in performing preventative and maintenance behaviors. Communicating effectively with ones doctor also aids in reinforcement of positive behaviors ( Chiang, Huang, Lu, 2003). After collecting behavioral/environmental data, the two points deemed to be most critical were a lack of asthma education and a lack of social support. Many Black Americans do not have regular doctors, which may relate to their poor levels of, and access to, medical care and information (Hopkins Tanne, 2001). Black Americans are not properly educated on asthma symptomology and therefore may not realize they are suffering from asthma symptoms until symptoms become severe. Further, black children were almost 65% less likely (than white children) to have a follow-up after having an asthma-related emergency room experience (Shields, Comstock, Weiss, 2004). Many of these problems could be solved with effective asthma education (Hopkins Tanne, 2001). Other ramification of a lack of education also manifested in asthma maintenance behaviors. An inverse relationship was found between age and asthma management in black adolescents (Bruzzese, 2012). The older children were, the less likely the y were to effectively schedule taking medication, recognize trigger symptoms, or get help. Although there was a positive correlation with age and perceived responsibility, this may be the result of a disconnect between independence and self-care. This suggests that children with asthma need ongoing education on self-management. Further, mismanagement has been associated with depression, anxiety, (likely related to medical cost and perceived control) and dyspnea (labored breathing which will can make asthma worse) (Baiardini, Sicuro, Balbi, Canonica, Braido, 2015). The other factor targeted by this intervention is social support. Many risk factors of asthma related to a lack of social support such as violence, stress, alexithymia, and low SES (Bellin et al., 2014; Ashley et al., 2017; Baiardini et al., 2015; Akinbami et al., 2014), whereas a significant protective factor is family/ethnic pride (Koinis-Mitchell et al., 2012). A study by Barile et al. (2015) showed that adverse childh ood experiences were associated with lower emotional support, which was associated with a lower health quality of life. Additionally, the study found that low income and high unemployment was associated with lower emotional support. Finally, the study stated that adverse childhood experiences could prevent children from developing social relationships into adulthood. Therefore, childhood environment plays a large role in a childs development and potential. By limiting environmental factors like exposure to education and social support, a childs abilities may be compromised. The proposed intervention will be divided into two components, an educational component and a support component. Each component of the intervention will be geared toward children and parents, with differing curricula. Two different education groups will be administered as parents and children will be taught separately. The first component will be administered in order to educate the target population on asthma severity, prevalence in Black Americans, risk factors, and the importance of maintenance. Maintenance includes (parents) scheduling doctors appointments as well as (children) conducting self-assessment. Self-assessment includes monitoring trigger and asthma symptoms as well as taking medication consistently and responsibly. An effort will be made to explain that ones independence (as they age) means being their own doctor. Additionally, asthma education will include the benefits of performing protective behaviors, such as fewer emergency room visits. The second part of the intervention deals with social support for children. A lack of social support, especially in an environment of violence, can create or exacerbate asthma. Further, children who had a lack of social support have shown to increase in likelihood of developing into an adult with a low SES (Barile et al., 2015). Parents will be taught about the importance of family support and strategies to use inside the home, while ethnic clubs will be offered as a way for children to learn about and take pride in their heritage while making friends. This will create a resource for children in which they celebrate their differences, instead of hiding them, which will increase pride and minimize discrimination. Additionally, children will learn coping techniques that can be used during times of inflammation/isolation. Research by Baiardini et al. (2015) showed that asthmatic people who learned effective coping skills showed less psychological morbidity, greater perception of control , and better disease management. It is also important to look for negative coping efforts, such as avoidance which may indicate risk of emotional instability. This program will take place in community centers in the tri-state area (New York, New Jersey, and Connecticut) which should be easily accessible to community members. The tri-state area will be the preliminary location of the intervention due to its diversity in education, income, and culture (United States Census Bureau, 2009). The educational and support programs will be bi-weekly programs which will alternate programming (between the two components) based on the week; the program will last for four months. However, the childrens clubs (support component for children) will be held weekly. Each component will be taught by a qualified black professional (a black doctor will teach the educational component, a black psychologist/social worker will teach the social support component, and a black cultural educator will be in charge of ethnic clubs) as race may also serve as an additional barrier to asthma education or implementation of positive asthma behaviors (as they will better unde rstand their audiences cultural needs). In order for program effectiveness to be measured, data will be collected during the first, eighth, and final week of the program. Data will be used for formative and outcome evaluation. Data collection will consist of qualitative and quantitative data. Participants will be given surveys (Perceived Support Scale, Brief-Coping Orientation of Problem Experienced (COPE) inventory scale) to fill out as well as have a saliva test to test relevant biomarkers (cortisol and C-reactive protein). It is anticipated that this intervention will yield improvement of 15% over baseline over the course of the program. Improvements of a lesser scale will be further interrogated for variables that may require modification for ideal success. If the program produces significant results, the program will expand to other states across the country. Where applicable, the program will be tailored to account for unique variables (i.e. travel, participant disability) to maximize success. Further, there will be continuous yearly follow-ups to make sure programs are still being run appropriately while still proving effective, which will be used for impact and process evaluation. Instructors as well as community/civic center staff will be evaluated on their maintenance of the program in accordance with intended implementation; further, yearly data reports of the program will be analyzed to assess the programs standing and possible need for refinement. The only resources necessary for this intervention are a community center and black healthcare professionals. Because this is purely an educational intervention it should not conflict with any legislation. Although this study provided an in-depth analysis of relevant factors in asthma development and exacerbation, certain environmental factors like poverty were not explicitly part of the intervention plan. The intervention aids in education, which is often a limited resource as a result of poverty; however, asthma education will not help improve ones living or work conditions. Because the environmental conditions and legislature for each state is different, certain organizations are recommended as resources in order to minimize ones exposure to environmental irritants, such as the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (which has blogs and podcasts about reducing allergens in ones environment)(NIEHS, 2018) and the Environmental Protection Agency (which provides networks for community-based interventions as well as lists of local and national agencies that are asthma resources) (EPA, 2018), as well as looking into ones state policies regarding asthma. Asthma is a disease which disproportionally impacts black children and whose effects may still be felt into adulthood. Risk factors for asthma include race/ethnicity, poverty, parental education level, health insurance coverage, environmental (air) quality, living with a smoker, premature birth/ early antibiotic use, Alexithymia, stress, violence, and lack of social support. Through analysis of the PRECEDE-PROCEED model, education and social support were deemed the two most influential factors in asthma related health; therefore, a dual-component intervention was proposed for children and adults. As individuals learn the importance of asthma rates, risks, and symptoms as well as the necessity of family/community support the asthma rates of Black Americans will decrease.

Essay on Effective Approaches to Prevent Teen Pregnancy

Effective approaches to prevent teen pregnancy After reading numerous articles and abstracts in regards to the ever so intriguing topic of teen pregnancy, I’ve come to a conclusion which is a little different than I had expected. Before reading any of the literature on teen pregnancy, I was under the assumption that the sex education classes provided in school were an extremely effective weapon against unwanted teenage pregnancies. Of the literature references that I’ve used and those of which I have haven’t chosen to extrapolate on, many have reported results based on random surveys while others have conducted quantifiable research to reach their findings. In an article by Dryfoos J in the Planned Parenthood Review, Dryfoos mentions†¦show more content†¦This survey also showed that 63 % of teenagers have already had Sexual Intercourse by the time they had completed the 10th and 11th grades. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In the Journal of School Health, in May 2001 was an article entitled â€Å"Effectiveness of the Baby Think It Over Teen Pregnancy Prevention Program† by Cheryl Somers, Cheryl and Mariane Fahlman speaks of a program that many school systems have adopted called â€Å"Baby Think It Over.† This program is a computerized simulation of a baby and the responsibilities that parents have to endure. It is geared towards teen-agers because the teen pregnancy rates in America are at least double of any country with similar economic background and culture. This article further evaluates the effectiveness of this new program using a controlled study in which 151 experimental students and 62 controlled subjects were used. These were all high school students of a suburban area of a Midwestern city. The average age of the students was 16.2 and they were all middle-class primarily white students, both male and female. Numerous studies were conducted, with inconcl usive evidence of the programs effectiveness. One study showed that the subjects understood and had more realistic impressions of having children, while another showed that the students had no change of intentions in regards to teen parenting. This particular studyShow MoreRelatedUnwanted and Unplanned Teen Pregnancy and Sexually Transmitted Illness1544 Words   |  7 PagesUnwanted and Unplanned Teen Pregnancy and Sexually Transmitted Illness (STI) Teen Pregnancy The birth rate among teens in the United States has declined 9% from 2009 to 2010, a historic low among all racial and ethnic groups, with the least being born in 2010; and in 2011 the number of babies born to adolescents aged 15-19 years of age was 329,797 (â€Å"Birth Rates for U.S.†, 2012). Although the decline in unwanted and unplanned teen births is on the rise the United States continues to be among theRead MoreTeen Pregnancy And Sex Education Programs900 Words   |  4 Pages1. Clemmitt, Marcia. â€Å"Teen Pregnancy.† CQ Researcher 20. 12 (2010): 267-287. Web. This particular source is an academic journal which goes into immense detail about the high rates of teen pregnancy and sex education programs the United States government provides. The article is informative and supportive of the sex education programs and explains the success rates of these programs in reducing teen pregnancy. Author Marica Clemmitt, former editor for other scholarly articles involving Medicine andRead MoreThe System Of Sex Education Essay1034 Words   |  5 Pagespullout method is effective. Some children are not ready for sex, but they do it anyway because they are not told to wait. Abstinence should be taught as part of sex education because sexual transmitted disease, teen pregnancy, and abortion rates would decrease. Sex education in schools teach children about safe sex and contraceptive methods for teen girls. Teens learn about sex in school, and they believe it is safe to have sex if they use condoms. Sex is safer with condoms, but teens don’t realizeRead MoreTeen Pregnancy Essay1314 Words   |  6 Pages(Hamilton, B.E.). That’s nearly 750,000 teen pregnancies every year. According to, â€Å"11 facts about teen pregnancy† less than 2% of teen moms earn a college degree by age 30 (Par. 2 5). There are many reasons for this and the best way to help limit teen pregnancy would be to require parents to attend teen pregnancy prevention meetings held by schools. One of the many problems is that most teens are not well informed about the troubles of being a teen parent. They don’t understand how it willRead MoreContraceptive Methods And Sterilization Procedures Prescribed For Women1348 Words   |  6 Pageseducation and counseling and male-based contraceptive is excluded t. Excluding contraceptive coverage for male raises the issues of discrimination; therefore contraceptive coverage should be covered for men as well as women. The vasectomies are cost effective among birth control choices. Vasectomy is permanent and long term; its success rate is better than tubal ligation. It also has a lower risk of complication than female surgical sterilization methods. With vasectomies, there is a mild pain, swellingRead MoreTeen Pregnancy1023 Words   |  5 PagesDoes access to condoms prevent teen pregnancy? Adolescent pregnancies remain a concern in public health worldwide. The World Health Organization (WHO) has indicated that annually about 16 million girls between 15 and 19 give birth. Indeed, in many countries policies and programs are developed and implemented for the prevention of teen pregnancy and reduction of risks and consequences it might cause. Furthermore, that a teenager becomes pregnant poses a risk to her health, her life and the fetusRead MorePublic Health Nurses : The Leading Cause Of Death Among Girls Essay1709 Words   |  7 PagesComplications from pregnancy and childbirth are the leading cause of death among girls ages 15-19 in LMIC’s (Morris Rushwan, 2015). The primary reason for these preventable death-causing complications is that teenagers are not properly supplied with contraceptives. Due to these unplanned and unwanted pregnancies approximately 4.5 million teenage girls undergo an abortion each year, with an estimated 3 million of them being performe d unsafely (Morris Rushwan, 2015). Some detrimental complicationsRead MoreTeenage Moms That Are Still In High School Get Pregnant1391 Words   |  6 Pagesare still in high school get pregnant at a young age, and are not able to support themselves or their child. There were just under a quarter million pregnancies in women ages fifteen to nineteen in 2014. About eighty-five percent of these pregnancies are unplanned, which in any population can increase the risk for problems. The biggest risk for teen mothers is delaying prenatal care or worse, about seven percent received no care at all. According to CDC, In 2014, almost 250,000 babies were bornRead MoreFixing the Teenage Pregnancy Problem: A Humble Suggestion Essay example1226 Words   |  5 Pagesproblem is no less evident. This problem is not unsolvable, in fact, many solutions exist, but no matter how promising a proposal is, nothing will fix itself without society’s cooperation. The safest and most reliable solution to avoid teenage pregnancy (and many a terrible STD) is also the most difficult proposal for teenagers to adhere to: an abstinence only policy. Not just frightened fundamentalists believe that sex-education with a curriculum that focus utterly on abstinence works. A studyRead MoreHealth And Social Service Programs1235 Words   |  5 PagesBackground: Adolescent pregnancy, primarily occurring in ages 13-18 years, has a negative impact on the physical, psychological, educational, and economic area of the pregnant girls. Objective: To evaluate some health and social service programs that can reduce American adolescent Pregnancy from Ages 13- 18 and improve their quality of life. Methods: Review two research articles and to assess the overall quality of the data from the studies. Results: After the assessment of the two research articles

Economies Of Scale - Imperfect Competition And International Trade

Question: Discuss about the Economies of Scale, Imperfect Competition and International Trade. Answer: Introduction It can be evident that market structure and economies of scale have considerable impacts on the pattern of trade and comparative advantage of a nation. There are several assumptions of perfect competition used by the classicist to determine the elements of international trade theory. The study presents a relation between economies of scale and imperfect competition with international trade (Dakhlia and Temimi, 2016). Recently, different theories have been presented by various authors that deal with the economies of scale and imperfect competition to present a general equilibrium framework that modifies the modern theory of international trade (Winters and Wells, 2012). Some authors concentrate of existence of gains and equilibrium from trade in the imperfect competition model, whereas some focuses on differentiation of product as the key to success. It has been believed that differentiation leads to gains from intra-industry trade. Considering the concept of intra-industry trade, it can be seen that maximum benefits are derived from trade between similar countries (Findlay, 2014). Hence, the study has been developed to conduct a theoretical analyse and establish a relationship between economies of scale and imperfect competition with intra-industry trade. Furthermore, the study emphasises on expansion and application of the theories in real world to get benefited from international trade. Hence, the purpose of the study is to present a literature review and explain the theories to understand their importance in international businesses to seek growth over the global platform. External and internal economies of scale Economies of scale present the comparative advantage that can be sought by production of such commodities in which the country has better specialisation (Fujita, 2008). Hence, Economies of scale can be termed as the advantages that a company or nation seeks through large scale production. The economies of scale has been categorised into two segments. One is known as internal economies of scale and the other is known as external economies of scale. Figure: Economies of Scale Source: (Jensen and Wong, 2007) The two different concepts of economies of scale or benefits of mass scale production have been discussed herein below: Internal economies of scale The internal economies of scale occurred due to expansion of business and increase in production. It leads to decrease in the production costs that provide the company with a competitive edge (Krugman, 2010). Internal economies of scale occur within the firm due to its expansion of business. The internal economies of scale can be categorised into real economies of scale and pecuniary economies of scale that are discussed herein below: Real economies of scale The real economies of scale are presented herein below Technical economies: Large firm enjoys higher efficiency in terms of technology from machinery and capital goods. Marketing economies: Large amount of money can be spent on marketing activities, yet per unit cost of marketing remain low. Labour economies: Large scale production provides labour economies because per unit labour cost reduces. Managerial economies: It leads to reduction in the per unit managerial cost due to large scale production. Economies of transport and storage: Large firm enjoys economies of transport and storage with higher level of productivity. Pecuniary economies The pecuniary economies of scale are presented herein below: Large firms can buy raw materials at a lower price due to special discounts offered by the suppliers Large firms are offered with easy loans from banks at lower interest rates. Large firms seek concessional transport facilities due to bulk amount of goods. Large scale firms enjoy low cost of advertising due to bulk production. External economies of scale External economies are the benefits that are accrued by the firms due to large scale operations in a particular industry. The external benefits are shared by a number of firms operating in a particular industry. The external economies are presented herein below: Economies of concentration: The large firms enjoy the benefits of communication and transport, research and invention and raw materials availability with increase in number of firms in an industry (Lo and Fann, 2010). Economies of information: The increase in number of firms makes the industry mutually dependent. It leads to easy flow of information from one firm to another for mutual benefit. Economies of disintegration: With development of industry, every firm specialises in production of particular products. Hence, mutual understanding leads to economies of scale large production (Melvin, 2009). Importance of economies of scale The importances of economies of scale are presented herein below: Nature of Industry: It helps to determine the nature of industry. For example, constant cost industry, increasing cost industry and decreasing cost industry (Mai and Hwang, 2007). Analysis of cost of production: It helps to analyse the cost of production by judging the benefits of large scale production. Imperfect competition and trade The monopolistic competition model The assumption of perfect competition has been overtaken by monopolistic competition model that presents an imperfect competitive situation in international trade. The monopolistic competition model can be derived by the presence of many small businesses that operate with their own policies and strategies. In a monopolistic competitive market every organisation makes it own decision regards to the products, output and pricing. The entrepreneurs play primary role in the market because of high risk involved in decision making. Furthermore, there is no barrier to enter or exit the market. Along with that, the differentiation strategy is not limited to product, but the entrepreneurs can implement differentiation of marketing strategy, human capital and distribution techniques. According to this model, the firms are the price makers due to immense rate of competition in the market. Hence, it can be seen that the firms make a huge supernormal profits in the short run that decreases in the long run due to adoption policy and entry of new competitors. The intra-industry trade The intra-industry trade has been often identified as one of the favouring practical elements in substantial trade theories. By considering the imperfect trade competitions across the global trade industry, organisations have seemed to secure significant returns on investment in compared to perfect competition scenario. In case of intra-industry trade analysis, significant rudiments of Ricardian trade theory can be applied within the Heckscher-Ohlin framework (Davis, 2015). Through the identification of the benefits of intra-industry trade, the paper has been described to evaluate the competitive advantage of such trade. Meanwhile, the traditional theories of proportional advantage have been taken into consideration to identify the contrast scenario of the scale economies model (Bergstrand, 2010). Through the understanding of scale economies perspective, intra-industry trade can provide return to scale in an efficient way. In the contemporary business scenario, scale economies have i nfluenced the rise of intra-industry trade though the relation between substitutes for scale economies and intra-industry trade has shown negative impact (Aquino, 2011). Meanwhile the return of scale economies has been identified one of the most successful element to select intra-industry trade contributing to the maximum profitability of the global business enterprises. Arguably, the introduction of intra-industry trade has improvised business specialisation so that contemporary businesses can increase imperfect competition for further benefits and profitability. Moreover, the intra-industry trade pattern has got significant wide spread acceptance to understand the role of the theories on comparative advantage (Greenaway and Milner, 2011). According to the Ricardian model, economies of scale have been neglected in the large trade flows promoting sustainability. Measurement of intra-industry Grubel and Lloyd present the method to measure Intra-Industry trade of a nation. The measurement of intra-industry trade is known as Grubel-Lloyd index (Chipman, 2010). A formula has been presented below to measure the intra-industry trade of a country. The measurement of intra-industry trade is required to understand the opportunities of trade in an international market. It is important to note that every nation is not specialised in production of all commodities. Hence, every nation export particular commodities to other nations in which it have comparative disadvantage. On the other hand, it exports those products in which it has comparative advantage. Hence, the measurement of Grubel-Lloyd index helps in observing the trade opportunities in different countries to plan the internationalisation strategies to enter those markets. External economies and international trade External economies of scale have held the key to success at the industry level to set remarkable trade standards. By considering the international trade theory, external economies of scales have derived significant factors to support international trade. Meanwhile, whenever economies of scale have been applied at the industry level rather than m enterprise level, it can be identified as external economies. Moreover, in larger business perspective, external economies have been utilised to influence the international trade prospects in countries such as the United States of America, China and other major countries (Suga, 2007). On critical thinking perspective, external economies of an international market must be identified following thorough research so before affirmative decision-making on international trade policy. Through the identification of sustainable external economies of scale attached to a target market can improve the trade relations between two countries (de Groot and Na huis, 2012). Furthermore, as the expansion of trade can be materialised in the target market, the output of the industry will be automatically enhanced due to the present of affordable external economies of scale. Moreover, the international trade and external economies have been significantly benefitted through the implementation of theoretical concepts attached to the scenario of external economies of scale (Ohlin, 2007). The connection point of business and trade perspectives can create new dimensions to be opened up for further trading perspective at the international platform (Sullivan, 2013). Understandably, the external economies can increase the productivity of the industry. As the output of the industry will increase, the costs of the external economies and available market patterns will experience an upward lift. Meanwhile, a discussion on comparative advantage can be evident to explain the trade patterns. As external economies have influenced comparative advantage in the market, a pattern related to industry specialisation can be identified on a historical contingency (Milner, 2008). As the external economies have picked up robust growth model in a relevant industry, the initial advantages will dried up. Therefore, the advantages of the primary stages will be locked in. In such circumstances, the external economies will be no longer relevant to the industry as functionality of the same will be reduced. Evidently, selection of the right country will be manifest for international trade reviewing the external economies for long-run success at the international level (Ta ngkittipaporn and Songkroh, 2009). Extension and applications New theories have been developed by economist in respect to economies of scale. It includes the horizontal and vertical integration of economies of scale (Brakman and Heijdra, 2014). Horizontal perspective presents the quality developed, whereas vertical perspective presents other benefits of intra-industry trade. Furthermore, new approaches of international trade model have been developed by Dixit and Stiglitz, which is known as the new trade theory (Brakman and Heijdra, 2014). Along with that, the Core-Periphery Model has been developed to analyse the concentration and specialisation of particular economy. Hence, these extensions of theoretical models can be applied in the real world scenario to develop international trade patterns relevant for significant economies. Conclusion The dynamic scenario of economies of scale has significantly contributed towards successful management of trade perspective. Identically, the internal and external economies of scale have influenced the international trade at the highest business level. By providing effective changes in international trade procedure, countries with similar types of economies of scale can create sustainable long-run trade relationship. On the other hand, on basis on intuitive views, equal productivity, factor endowments and other significant concepts must be identified through the identification of economies of scales. Moreover, because of the presence of economies of scale, significant international trade concepts can be determined. In this way, international trade can be made possible in the two different countries having different types of economic standards. Moreover, the fundamental objective of return has been fulfilled by utilising both the internal and external economies of scale. Through the identification of classical models such as Ricardian Model and Heckscher-Ohlin Model (H-O Model), comparative advantage and business gains in international trade can be achieved. Furthermore, the specialised goods and intensives services must be endowed according to the factors influencing the business prospects at the global platform. Conclusively, the contribution of economies of scale in international trade can identify the most effective cost structures and sustainable business framework applicable for maximum profitability. References Aquino, A. (2011). The measurement of intra-industry trade when overall trade is imbalanced.Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, 117(4), pp.763-766. Bergstrand, J. (2010). 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